Non-cognitive symptoms of dementia are often an expression of unmet needs in a person with dementia.
- Behavioural symptoms include agitation, restlessness, aggression, disinhibition, pacing, shouting, and hoarding.
- Psychological symptoms include anxiety, apathy, sleep disturbances, depression, delusions, and hallucinations.
Non-Cognitive Symptoms of Dementia (NCSD) are also known as Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD). This term refers to a wide range of emotional, behavioural, and psychological symptoms that often accompany cognitive decline. These may include:
- Delusions and hallucinations
- Agitation, irritability, and aggression
- Sleep disturbances
- Repetitive behaviours and vocalisations
- Changes in appetite and eating habits
- Restlessness and anxiety
- Depression and apathy
The type and severity of symptoms can vary depending on the stage and type of dementia, and they can have a profound impact on quality of life – both for the individual and their caregivers.
Management Strategies
Addressing NCSD often requires a multifaceted approach, including:
- Non-pharmacological interventions – such as personalised activities, sensory stimulation, and structured routines
- Environmental modifications – creating a calm, dementia-friendly space
- Caregiver support and education – helping carers manage symptoms effectively
- Medication – when appropriate and following a thorough medical assessment